Revision as of 00:53, 10 November 2023

This schematic model was developed to help first year health science students understand the relationships between sarcomeres, myofibrils, sarcolemma, T-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as muscle cell nuclei and the collagen which makes up tendon. The students realise that the structure of a skeletal muscle fibre is simpler than they imagine from looking at textbooks and easier to remember.

Production Information

The model is based around 56 standard 330ml beverage cans. Quite a lot of muscle power used to empty all of them!

Most of the cans were wired together into rows of eight, using galvanised 14-gauge wire (e.g., a 20-meter roll), and custom-made washers cut from 0.5mm thick aluminium sheeting (e.g., a piece 300mm x 900mm). The last set of eight cans was divided into a single can and a set of three and a set of four. The sets of three and four were wired together in the same way as the others. Tools useful for the above steps include tin snips, drill, cutting pliers, miscellaneous other pliers for twisting a knot in the ends of the wire, pen, a point punch, and hammer. Once wired up, all the cans were spray painted a solid (e.g., pink) colour. This required quite a lot of specialised paint (metal primer and topcoat) and may be optional depending on how opaque the lace fabric used for sarcoplasmic reticulum is. The single can was also wrapped with paper printed with the following image of actin and myosin filaments. Printing size was adjusted to suit the length of the can.

Click to enlarge image:

Fabric parts of the model

Materials required:

Calico fabric, 150cm wide x 1 meter
Black lace fabric x 2 meters
White poplin, 112cm wide x 1 meter
Purple fabric, 0.3 meter
Invisible zip, black, 30cm long
Large plastic zip, cream colour, 90cm long
Wadding

The pattern pieces (background grid is 100mm x 100mm):

Click to enlarge images:

Calico for Sarcolemma, T-tubules
Black lace for Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Purple fabric for nuclei and white fabric for collagen of tendons

Some steps in the production process:

Click to enlarge images:

1. Fabric pieces cut out.
2. Nuclei cut, sewn, and stuffed with wadding.
3. Main part of calico sewn up, with zip inserted. Nuclei hand-sewn on in random places.
4. Tendon pieces sewn to lace and the seven lace tubes formed. Each has an opening near one end, with one tube having an invisible zip placed in the opening (roughly where the single can will go).
5. Wadding stuffed into the tendon pieces.
6. Cans inserted into tubes, which are then hand-sewn closed. The short lengths and single can go into the tube with the invisible zip.
7. T-tubule parts sewn up from calico: two rings and four short tubes.
8. Form four reinforced holes in the outer sarcolemma at the level of the ends of a can, slip the two rings over a myofibril and hand-sew the T-tubule elements together.
9. Small sarcolemma tubes sewn up from lace and hand-sewn randomly between the larger lace elements.

Creators: Dr Tanya Cully (initial idea, can painting and academic support) from Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Fieke Neuman (patterns, wiring up cans and sewing) from Department of Anatomy, University of Otago.

Keywords: Teaching, Physiology, Medicine, Muscle, Science, Biology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

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-This schematic model was developed to help third year medical students understand the relationships between the parts of the peritoneum of the female pelvis. The model shows organs, ligaments and peritoneum within the lesser or true pelvis i.e. only from the pelvic inlet down.
-Click to enlarge images:
 <gallery mode= "nolines" widths=650px heights=500px>
-FemPeritoneum_Complete1.jpg|
+TanyaHero.JPG|
 </gallery>
-<gallery mode="nolines" widths=300px heights=250px>
+This schematic model was developed to help first year health science students understand the relationships between sarcomeres, myofibrils, sarcolemma, T-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as muscle cell nuclei and the collagen which makes up tendon. The students realise that the structure of a skeletal muscle fibre is simpler than they imagine from looking at textbooks and easier to remember.
-FemPeritoneum_Complete2.jpg|
-FemPeritoneum_Complete3.jpg|
+= Production Information =
+The model is based around 56 standard 330ml beverage cans. Quite a lot of muscle power used to empty all of them!
+<gallery mode= "nolines" widths=650px heights=500px>
+CansInARow.jpeg|
 </gallery>
-== Production Information ==
+Most of the cans were wired together into rows of eight, using galvanised 14-gauge wire (e.g., a 20-meter roll), and custom-made washers cut from 0.5mm thick aluminium sheeting (e.g., a piece 300mm x 900mm). The last set of eight cans was divided into a single can and a set of three and a set of four. The sets of three and four were wired together in the same way as the others.
-This model is built to fit inside a 26 litre flexible bucket (also known as flexitub). The anterior edge of the bucket is cut lower to give an idea of the anterior pelvic brim and a hot tool used to create openings for the anus, vagina, urethra and external inguinal canals. The hot tool is also used to mark out labia, clitoris and the perineal triangles.
+Tools useful for the above steps include tin snips, drill, cutting pliers, miscellaneous other pliers for twisting a knot in the ends of the wire, pen, a point punch, and hammer.
+Once wired up, all the cans were spray painted a solid (e.g., pink) colour. This required quite a lot of specialised paint (metal primer and topcoat) and may be optional depending on how opaque the lace fabric used for sarcoplasmic reticulum is.
+The single can was also wrapped with paper printed with the following image of actin and myosin filaments. Printing size was adjusted to suit the length of the can.
-<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
+Click to enlarge image:
-FemPeritoneum_Step17.jpg|
+<gallery mode="nolines" widths=300px heights=300px>
-FemPeritoneum_Step18.jpg|
+ActinMyosinWrap.jpg
 </gallery>
-The fabric parts of the model are made from tulle (aka fine bridal netting), coloured fabrics (pink for uterus, yellow for bladder and ureters, brown for rectum, white for ovaries, red for arteries) and string for the ovarian and round ligaments. The organs are stuffed with wadding and the whole assembly held in place with nylon fishing line.
-'''The pattern pieces''' (background grid is 100mm x 100mm):
+== Fabric parts of the model ==
+'''Materials required:'''
+* Calico fabric, 150cm wide x 1 meter
+* Black lace fabric x 2 meters
+* White poplin, 112cm wide x 1 meter
+* Purple fabric, 0.3 meter
+* Invisible zip, black, 30cm long
+* Large plastic zip, cream colour, 90cm long
+* Wadding
-Click to enlarge images
-<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
-FemPeritoneum_Pattern_Perit.jpg|Peritoneum pattern pieces
-FemPeritoneum_Pattern_Uterus.jpg|Uterus patten pieces
-FemPeritoneum_Pattern_Other.jpg|Bladder, rectum, ovaries, arteries pattern pieces
-</gallery>
-'''Completed organs:'''
+'''The pattern pieces''' (background grid is 100mm x 100mm):
-Click to enlarge images
+Click to enlarge images:
 <gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
-FemPeritoneum_Bladder.jpg|Bladder
+PatternSarcolemmaT-tubules.JPG|Calico for Sarcolemma, T-tubules
-FemPeritoneum_Uterus.jpg|Uterus
+PatternSarcoplasmicReticulum.JPG|Black lace for Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-FemPeritoneum_Rectum.jpg|Rectum
+PatternNucleiTendon.JPG|Purple fabric for nuclei and white fabric for collagen of tendons
 </gallery>
-As the construction of the tulle peritoneum is complicated some of the important steps are illustrated below:
+'''Some steps in the production process:'''
-Click to enlarge images
+Click to enlarge images:
 <gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
-FemPeritoneum_Step01.jpg|1. Join the two parts of the broad ligament to each other and then to the uterine peritoneum.
+FabricCutOut.jpeg|1. Fabric pieces cut out.
-FemPeritoneum_Step02.jpg|2. Stitch through the anterior broad ligament to create the mesosalpinx. Note that an opening is left for the fimbriae of the uterine tubes.
+NucleiMade.jpeg|2. Nuclei cut, sewn, and stuffed with wadding.
-FemPeritoneum_Step03.jpg|3. Wider view of step 2.
+PartiallySewnUp.jpeg|3. Main part of calico sewn up, with zip inserted. Nuclei hand-sewn on in random places.  <br>
-FemPeritoneum_Step04.jpg|4. Preparing to sew on the two parts of the peritoneal base.
+. Tendon pieces sewn to lace and the seven lace tubes formed. Each has an opening near one end, with one tube having an invisible zip placed in the opening (roughly where the single can will go).
-FemPeritoneum_Step05.jpg|5. Note the wrinkle of fabric that will become the ureteric fold.
+TendonStuffing.jpeg|5. Wadding stuffed into the tendon pieces.  <br>
-FemPeritoneum_Step06.jpg|6. Join the peritoneal base to the uterine peritoneum/broad ligament.
+. Cans inserted into tubes, which are then hand-sewn closed. The short lengths and single can go into the tube with the invisible zip.
-FemPeritoneum_Step07.jpg|7. The position of the parietal peritoneum within the bucket. Sew the bladder peritoneum between the ends of the main parietal peritoneum. Note red thread marks for where the broad ligament will attach to the parietal peritoneum.
+T-TubulesSewing1.jpeg|7. T-tubule parts sewn up from calico: two rings and four short tubes.
-FemPeritoneum_Step08.jpg|8. The 4 layers of the peritoneal base ligaments are sewn together.
+T-TubulesSewing2.png|8. Form four reinforced holes in the outer sarcolemma at the level of the ends of a can, slip the two rings over a myofibril and hand-sew the T-tubule elements together.
-FemPeritoneum_Step09.jpg|9. Anterior and posterior parts of the peritoneal base are sewn separately to the base ligaments. Note that there is a gap of about 1cm between the anterior and posterior parts of the broad ligament as they rise up from the peritoneal base. Sew down the ureteric folds.
+SarcolemmaTubes.jpeg|9. Small sarcolemma tubes sewn up from lace and hand-sewn randomly between the larger lace elements.
-FemPeritoneum_Step10.jpg|10. Sew the long curved edge of the pararectal fossa peritoneum to the posterior part of the peritoneal base.
-FemPeritoneum_Step11.jpg|11. Gather and sew the main parietal peritoneum to the remaining edges of the pararectal fossa to create a pocket. The organs can be positioned inside their relevant cavities. Note hand in rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)..
-FemPeritoneum_Step12.jpg|12. Sew the numbered marks on the edge of the broad ligament to corresponding marks on the parietal peritoneum. Make small holes in the tulle for the exits of the round ligament, uterine artery and ovarian artery.
-FemPeritoneum_Step13.jpg|13. Note how the ureter passes under the uterine artery.
-FemPeritoneum_Step14.jpg|14. Sew additional lines of stitching to delineate the mesovarium and mesosalpinx from the mesometrium.
-FemPeritoneum_Step15.jpg|15. The fold of peritoneum that covers the round ligament is exaggerated in this model compared to life.
-FemPeritoneum_Step16.jpg|16. Sew the organs together and sew the completed peritoneum to the organs.
-FemPeritoneum_Step17.jpg|17. Melt pairs of small holes through the bucket at appropriate points so that fishing line can be used to tie the peritoneum in place within the bucket.
 </gallery>
-'''Creators:''' Dr Latika Samalia (initial idea and academic support), Fieke Neuman (patterns, markings and sewing). Both from [http://www.otago.ac.nz/anatomy Department of Anatomy], [http://www.otago.ac.nz University of Otago].
+'''Creators:''' Dr Tanya Cully (initial idea, can painting and academic support) from [https://www.otago.ac.nz/physiology Department of Physiology, University of Otago], Fieke Neuman (patterns, wiring up cans and sewing) from [https://www.otago.ac.nz/anatomy Department of Anatomy, University of Otago].
-'''Keywords:''' Teaching, Anatomy, Medicine, Pelvis, Reproduction, Science, Biology
+'''Keywords:''' Teaching, Physiology, Medicine, Muscle, Science, Biology